As evidenced from the previous examples, the conduct of a research may not only impact research subjects, but also others such as their families. Researchers themselves and the community could be subjected to risks too.
(Click on each tab for examples)
Occupational hazards to researchers:
Handling of dangerous devices or chemicals
For example, radiation from X-ray
Dealing with research subjects
For example, blood-borne infections from needle stick injuries, or violence from subjects
Dealing with confidential and sensitive information
For example, researchers may be intimidated and forced to disclose subjects’ data for political reasons. (21)
Risks to the community and public:
Sharing of common social or biological identities with research subjects
For example, research on a number of sexual workers could uncover information that leads to prosecution of their entire community.
Disruption to normal services or activities
For example, changes in clinic schedules to accommodate for research activities
Biohazards
For example, use of genetically-modified viruses to treat diseases
Beyrer C, Kass NE. Human rights, politics, and reviews of research ethics. Lancet. 2002 Jul 20;360(9328):246–51. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)09465-5/abstract